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Purpose: To evaluate the protective effect of Cuscuta chinensis Lam. polysaccharides (PCCL) on 5-fluorouracil-(5-FU)-induced intestinal mucositis (IM) in mice. Methods: PCCL was orally administered at a dose of 20 mg·kg1 for 7 days and its protective effect on 5-FU-induced IM (5-FU, 50 mg·kg1 for 5 days) was evaluated by monitoring changes in body weight, degree of diarrhea, levels of tissue inflammatory factors (tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 6, and interleukin 1ß levels), apoptosis rates, and the expression levels of caspase-3, Bax and Bcl-2. Results: The severity of mucosal injury (as reflected by body weight changes, degree of diarrhea, height of villi, and damage to crypts) was significantly attenuated by PCCL administration. PCCL also reduced the levels of tissue inflammatory factors, the apoptosis rate, and the expression of caspase-3 and Bax, and increased Bcl-2 expression. Conclusions: PCCL administration may be significantly protective against 5-FU-induced IM by inhibiting apoptosis and regulating the abnormal inflammation associated with it.
Subject(s)
Animals , Mice , Polysaccharides/therapeutic use , Cuscuta/chemistry , Mucositis/drug therapy , Fluorouracil/adverse effects , Protective Agents/analysisABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE@#To study the detection rate, epidemic pattern, and clinical features of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in hospitalized children with acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI).@*METHODS@#Nasopharyngeal aspirates were collected from children with ALRI, aged < 2 years, who were hospitalized in Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University from June 2013 to May 2018. Multiplex PCR was used to detect 16 common respiratory viruses. The epidemiological characteristics of RSV were analyzed.@*RESULTS@#A total of 2 066 hospitalized children with ALRI were enrolled. Among the children, 1 595 (77.20%) tested positive for virus and 826 (39.98%) tested positive for RSV [410(49.6%) positive for RSV-A, 414 (50.1%) positive for RSV-B, and 2 (0.2%) positive for both RSV-A and RSV-B]. RSV-B was the main subtype detected in 2013-2014 and 2016-2017, while RSV-A was the main subtype in 2014-2015 and 2017-2018, and these two subtypes were prevalent in 2015-2016. The highest detection rate of RSV was noted in winter. RSV + human rhinovirus was the most common combination of viruses and was detected in 123 children. These children were more likely to develop wheezing than those with single RSV detected (@*CONCLUSIONS@#In Chongqing in 2013-2018, RSV-A and RSV-B not only can predominate alternately, but also can co-circulate during a season. RSV is the major viral pathogen of hospitalized children with ALRI and can cause severe lower respiratory tract infection. There are no differences in clinical manifestations between children with RSV-A infection and those with RSV-B infection, but boys are more susceptible to RSV-A infection.
Subject(s)
Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Male , Child, Hospitalized , China/epidemiology , Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/epidemiology , Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human , Respiratory Tract Infections/epidemiologyABSTRACT
Objective To identify the role of IL-17A during respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in-fection in a mouse model. Methods Female wild-type C57BL/6 mice and IL-17A knockout ( IL-17A-/-) mice at the age of 6 to 8 weeks were both randomly divided into two groups:control and RSV groups. Mice in the control groups were given the supernatant of Hep-2 cell culture, while those in the RSV groups were treated with RSV A2 through intranasal administration. Leukocytes in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid ( BALF) samples were counted. Left lung tissues were stained with hematoxylin and eosin ( HE ) to evaluate his-topathological scores. Airway hyperresponsiveness ( AHR) was measured by whole-body plethysmography. The concentrations of IFN-γ were determined with ELISA. RSV titers were measured by plaque assay. To assess the effects of IL-17A on IFN-γproduction and its role in RSV infection, IL-17A-/- mice were treated with exogenous recombinant murine IFN-γ or IL-17A, while wild-type mice were given IFN-γ neutralizing antibody intervention. Results The counts of inflammatory cells and neutrophils in BALF, lung tissue his-topathological scores, AHR, IFN-γlevels and virus titers of the wild-type group were higher than those of the IL-17A-/-group after RSV infection. IFN-γlevels, inflammatory cell counts in BALF, AHR and lung tissue histopathological scores were significantly increased in RSV-infected IL-17A-/- mice after the intervention of recombinant murine IL-17A or IFN-γ. RSV titers were much higher in the recombinant murine IL-17A-trea-ted group, but not affected by the recombinant murine IFN-γ intervention. Inflammatory cell counts in BALF, AHR and lung tissue histopathological scores were significantly decreased in RSV-infected wild-type mice following IFN-γ neutralizing antibody treatment, but no significant changes were found in RSV titers. Conclusions IL-17A might be involved in the pathogenesis of pulmonary diseases during RSV infection through promoting IFN-γ production and inhibiting viral clearance in mice.
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Objective To explore the clinical features of protracted bacterial bronchitis (PBB)and provide clinical data for its diagnosis and treatment.Methods The clinical data of children with PBB who were admitted to the Respiratory Department of Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University from January 2012 to December 2015 were retrospectively collected,including the total information,clinical feature,auxiliary tests and treatment data.One year follow-ups were carried out to record cough relapse.Results In 30 patients with PBB,the ratio of boy and girl was 18:12,the median age were 14.5 (7-49.5) months,and the median duration of cough was 9.7 (5.7-17.1) weeks.All children had chronic wet cough,in which 22/30 (73.3％)had wheezing reported by their parents,and 14/30 cases (46.7％) had wheezing observed by doctors.Chest X ray showed increased and thickened of lung texture in 9/30 cases (30.0％);chest CT showed uneven inflation in 8/28 cases (28.6％),and 2 patients had suspected bronchiectasis.Sinusitis and allergic rhinitis were seen in 16/30 cases (53.3％) who underwent nasal endoscopy.Bronchoscopy showed a chronic bronchitis accompanied with superior secretions in all patients,in which 11/30 cases (36.7％)showed a purulent bronchitis,5/30 cases(16.7％) had tracheobronchial stenosis,and 3/30 cases (10.0％) had tracheomalacia.The major pathogens identified by bronchial alveolar lavage fluid (BALF)were Streptococcus pneumoniae (12 cases),Haemophilus parainfluenzae (10 cases) and Moraxella catarrhalis (7 cases).All PBB patients had cough remission after (10.0 ± 2.5) days of intravenous antibiotics followed by oral antibiotics therapy.Two out of twenty-three cases (8.7％) had a recurrent PBB,and 1 patient developed into irreversible bronchiectasis by 1 year follow-up with the missing follow-up rate of 23.3 ％.Conclusions Children with PBB are typically younger (≤ 3 years) with prolonged wet cough and wheezing,and some cases are accompanied with sinusitis and allergic rhinitis.Bronchoscopy can detect chronic bronchitis with superior secretions,which is often be purulent with respiratory malformation in elderly children.An appropriate therapy with antibiotics is effective,but some patients may will experience recurrent PBB,which might even progress into bronchiectasis.
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Objective@#To identify the role of interferon (IFN)-γ during respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) re-infection in mice.@*Method@#Female wild type C57BL/6 mice and IFN-γ knockout mice (IFN-γ-/- mice) at the age of 6 to 8 weeks were randomly divided into two groups: control group and RSV group, according to random number table.Each group was further divided into primary infection group and re-infection group.There were 8 groups.Mice were sacrificed on days 5, 7, 14 to collect samples.There were 5-8 mice in each group at each time point.And experiment was repeated twice. Leukocytes in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were counted, left lung tissues were stained with HE and histopathological scoring (HPS) was performed.The concentrations of IFN-γ, IL-5, IL-13 were determined with ELISA.T test or single factor analysis of variance was used to compare between groups.@*Result@#(1) Mice infected or reinfected with RSV showed pale hair, weight loss, decreased activity and anorexia.(2) IFN-γ levels significantly increased on days 5 and 7 following RSV primary infection and reinfection as compared to control groups in wild type mice ((192±44) vs.(36±8) and (531±161) vs.(23±4) pg/ml on day 5, (100±23) vs.(36±8) and (862±186) vs.(23±4) pg/ml on day 7, t=2.654, 2.513, 2.654, 3.968, all P<0.05). (3) Compared to the RSV-reinfected IFN-γ-/- mice, RSV-reinfected wild type mice had less body weight loss ((13.6±2.6)% vs.(22.7±2.9)% on day 5, (18.0±3.1)% vs.(26.5±1.8)% on day 7, t=2.314, 2.308, both P<0.05), lower lung tissue histopathological score ((1.50±0.09) vs.(2.07±0.11) on day 5, (1.53±0.11) vs.(2.08±0.09) on day 7, (1.10±0.06) vs.(1.59±0.08) on day 14, t=3.916, 3.890, 4.837, all P<0.01), less BALF inflammatory cells count ((11.6±2.0) vs.(44.2±10.6)×105/ml on day 5, (18.2±3.9) vs.(38.3±2.2)×105/ml on day 7, t=2.818, 4.786, both P<0.05), and lower levels of IL-5 and IL-13 ((24±3) vs.(148±23), (23±4) vs.(169±26) pg/ml on day 5, (30±8) vs.(233±44), (20±5) vs.(182±19) pg/ml on day 7, (91±6) vs.(129±19), (62±8) vs.(132±5) pg/ml on day 14, t=5.252, 5.445, 4.517, 7.326, 3.816, 7.577, all P<0.01).@*Conclusion@#IFN-γ can alleviate airway inflammation following RSV reinfection in mice.
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Objective To evaluate the efifcacy and inlfuencing factors of 3%hypertonic saline (HS) inhalation in treatment of bronchiolitis. Methods Clinical data together with the detection of 16 types of respiratory tract virus from hospitalized pediatric patients with primary diagnosis of bronchiolitis from June 2009 to December 2012 were retrospectively analyzed. The endpoint indicators for evaluation on the efifcacy of nebulized 3%HS inhalation were the percent decrease of clinical severity (CS) score after 2 days' treatment and the hospitalization time. Factors affecting efifcacy were further explored. Results The CS score in nebulized 3%HS treated group decreased in average of 42.86%(11.11%-66.67%), signiifcantly higher than that (26.79%, 0.00%-50.00%) in the untreated group (P=0.006). No difference of between the two groups (P=0.26). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that nebulized 3%HS inhalation has better efifcacy on the patients older than 3 months having breastfeeding, respiratory synthetic syncytial virus (RSV) infection and extensive wheezing sound auscultation of the lungs. The multiple linear regression analysis model was statistically signiifcant (R2=0.58, P<0.001). Conclusions After 2 days' treatment with 3%hypertonic saline inhalation, the CS score of bronchiolitis patients was decreased. The treatment can be recommended in hospitalized patient older than 3 months with breastfeeding, RSV infection, and extensive wheezing sound auscultation of the lungs.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To observe the levels of pulmonary surfactant proteins A and D (SP-A, SP-D) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of children with pneumonia, and to explore their relationships with clinical characteristics.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Thirty-five children with pneumonia were enrolled in this study. Differential cell counts were obtained by Countstar counting board. The levels of SP-A and SP-D in BALF were detected using ELISA.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>In children with pneumonia, SP-D levels were significantly higher than SP-A levels (P<0.001). SP-D levels were negatively correlated with the neutrophil percentage in BALF (r(s)=-0.5255, P<0.01). SP-D levels in BALF in children with increased blood C-reactive protein levels (>8 mg/L) were significantly lower than in those with a normal level of C-reactive protein (P<0.05). Compared with those in children without wheezing, SP-D levels in children with wheezing were significantly lower (P<0.01). There was no correlation between SP-A levels and clinical characteristics.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>SP-D levels in BALF are significantly higher than SP-A levels, and have a certain correlation with clinical characteristics in children with pneumonia. As a protective factor, SP-D plays a more important role than SP-A in regulating the immune and inflammatory responses.</p>
Subject(s)
Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Male , Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid , Chemistry , C-Reactive Protein , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Pneumonia , Metabolism , Pulmonary Surfactant-Associated Protein A , Pulmonary Surfactant-Associated Protein DABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the pathogenic mechanisms of airway inflammation and recurrent wheezing induced by recurrent respiratory virus infection after respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Sixty-four female BALB/c mice (aged 6-8 weeks) were randomly divided into four groups: control, RSV, Poly(I:C), and RSV+Poly(I:C) (n=16 each). The bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was collected on the 3rd day after Poly(I:C) administration, and the total cell number and differential counts in BALF were determined. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was used to observe pulmonary pathological changes. The airway responsiveness was detected. ELISA was used to measure the levels of interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-13 (IL-13), matrix metallopeptidase-9 (MMP-9), and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) in BALF.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Compared with the other three groups, the RSV+Poly(I:C) group had significant increases in the total number of inflammatory infiltrating cells in the airway, airway responsiveness, and MMP-9 level in BALF (P<0.05). The RSV+Poly(I:C) group showed more severe pulmonary tissue injuries compared with the control and RSV groups (P<0.01). Compared with the RSV group, the RSV+Poly(I:C) group showed significant reductions in the levels of IL-4 and TIMP-1 in BALF (P<0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Viral re-infection in the late stage of RSV infection may cause an imbalance of MMP-9/TIMP-1 expression and thus contribute to aggravated airway inflammation.</p>
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Mice , Asthma , Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid , Chemistry , Lung , Pathology , Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 , Mice, Inbred BALB C , Poly I-C , Pharmacology , Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections , Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1ABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the causes of nonspecific chronic cough in children and relationship between transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) gene polymorphisms and nonspecific chronic cough.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 195 children with chronic cough were followed up half a month, one month and three months after their first visit to hospital. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) was used to examine polymorphisms of the TRPV1 gene in the children. A total of 205 healthy or surgical children without chronic cough served as the control group.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The etiologic distribution of the 195 children with chronic cough was as follows: 96 (49.2%) cases of cough variant asthma (CVA), 48 (24.6%) cases of CVA complicated by upper airway cough syndrome (UACS), 34 (17.4%) cases of post-infectious cough, and 17 (8.7%) cases of UACS. Three genotypes were identified in both groups at positions rs222747 (CC, GC and GG), rs222748 (CC, TC and TT) and rs8065080 (CC, TC and TT). The frequencies of genotype and allele at position rs222747 did not accord with the law of Hardy-Weinberg. There was no significant difference in frequencies of genotype and allele at positions rs222748 and rs8065080 between the two groups.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>CVA, UACS and post-infectious cough are common causes of nonspecific chronic cough in children. TRPV1 gene polymorphisms at positions rs222748 and rs8065080 may be unrelated to nonspecific chronic cough in children.</p>